Comparing flash and srambased fpgas electronic products. Unlike xilinx cam 16, there are no useless sram cells in the zicam architecture for any size of cam implementation on fpga. Configuration memory architecture in srambased fpga modern fpga devices in general provide an array of logic resources, which may be interconnected, and configured for specific functions. Fpga with improved routability and robustness in nm. Renovated fpga basic structures with pcm mlc cells. Irradiation tests of the altera sram based fpga and fault. Sram based fpgas offer many advantages for space based computing, however the main challenge for their adoption in space and avionics applications is mitigating the effects of radiationinduced upsets 4. On the design of tunable fault tolerant circuits on srambased fpgas for safety critical applications l. The aspects 1 and 2 emphasize that the programmable. Jan 10, 2009 neeraj goeliit delhi plan fpga architecture. Automated fault attacks against srambased fpgas pawel swierczynski, georg t. Each clb contains a number of block logic elements ble.
This paper proposes a new switch box architecture in sram based fpgas to mitigate soft errors. The most probable effect, when we consider sram based fpga at sealevel, is the singleevent upset seu, i. Fpga architecture, technologies, and tools neeraj goel iit delhi. Fpga spice can capture area and power characteristics of sram based and rram based fpgas more accurately than the currently best analyticalmodels. Since the fpga architecture presents a fixed island style geometric structure of. Seu fault evaluation and characteristics for srambased. Power management techniques in an fpgabased wsn node. The pass transistors and tristate buffers are controlled by configuration sram bits. Ultrascale architecturebased fpgas memory interface. Jan 10, 2018 fpga architecture are based on static randomaccess memory sram volatile memory. You usually dont have to bother with luts and flipflops, especially not at the beginner level. In module 3 you will learn the pros and cons of flashbased, srambased, and antifuse based fpgas. The data programmed inside the memory of an fpga erase once the board powered off. The throughput logic is a logic module of any size or functionality, synchronous.
Comparisons between a standard srambased fpga and the considered rrambased fpga in the proposed architecture, the logic elements exploit nonvolatile nv luts. In module 3 you will learn the pros and cons of flashbased, srambased, and anti. Thwarting security threats from malicious fpga tools with. Fpga devices as an attack surface to breach fpgabased systems. Faults in the configuration memory of a srambased fpga directly modify the definition of its function, dangerously impacting its ability to operate properly. Chapter two gives an overview of the previous work, especially the stateoftheart estimation method applied to the widely introduced xc4000 architecture, which shows a large similarity to the virtex architecture. Simulationbased architecture evaluation framework for fpgas 639 fig. Using sram based fpgas for poweraware high performance. An adaptive method to tolerate soft errors in srambased. Configuration bitstream reduction for srambased fpgas by enumerating lut input permutations ameer abdelhadi and guy g. Designing fault tolerant systems into srambased fpgas. In detail, when ionizing radiation hits the surface of a cots sram based fpga. The update latency of the proposed cam is only 64 clock.
Since srams are volatile, an srambased fpga must be reprogrammed every time the system is powered up, usually from a rom included in the circuit to hold configuration files. Outputs of this process are system failure rate sfr and priority files. The fpga configuration data is stored in files called bitstreams that have the. An sram bus architecture includes passthrough interconnect conductors. This technique has been recently applied to sram based fpgas 17. Jason cong and john peck department of computer science. The logic block of the sram based fpga are composed of basic logic elements ble. Nvmbased fpga block ram with adaptive slcmlc conversion. Sram based fpga reconfiguration, the main objective of the proposed. This paper discusses high level techniques for designing fault tolerant systems in sram based fpgas, without modification in the fpga architecture. Mar, 2015 sram based fpga systems for safetycritical applications. Each of the passthrough interconnect conductors is connected to routing channels of the general interconnect architecture of the fpga through an element which includes a pass transistor connected in parallel with a tristate buffer. Fpgas generic architecture also include common fixed logic blocks for higher performance.
A performancedriven general logic synthesis system for. Characterizing a riscv srambased fpga implementation against single event upsets using fault injection. Throughput logic, statemachine logic, io logic, and special features select block ram, dlls, etc. Fpga with improved routability and robustness in nm cmos. Fpga architectures overview in this short article we discuss modern fpga architectures srambased, flashbased, antifusebased and their applications. Inputs are presented to the product term as signal and its inverse. Power efficient dataaware sram cell for srambased fpga.
Fpga chip architecture our fpga design is tile based, so in theory, the design is expandable to an arbitrary size. Configuration memory architecture in sram based fpga modern fpga devices in general provide an array of logic resources, which may be interconnected, and configured for specific functions. I understand that both are outputs of the fpga design compilation. The benefits and limitations of sram based field programmable. Us7146441b1 sram bus architecture and interconnect to an. Soft errors in partially and dynamically reconfigurable srambased fpgas 1. Us20060193181a1 sram bus architecture and interconnect to. The present chapter provides an overview of various factors responsible for power consumption in fpga and discusses the design techniques of lowpower sram based fpga at system level, device level, and architecture levels. Sram based e2rom or flash based tradeoffs antifuse is less area, less power consuming. Srambased fpga systems for safetycritical applications. From an architecture perspective, we propose architecture level optimizations for rrambased fpgas and quantify their minimumrequirements for rram devices. As a result, rasp can produce highly optimized designs for various sram based fpga architectures, and can be quickly adapted for new sram based fpga architectures. In this switch box architecture, the number of sram bits required for programming the switch box is.
In this work, an integrated design of an sram fpga based high performance node including not only a high performance fpga, but also power management and monitoring circuitries, external memories and conditioning circuitry for external sensors is proposed. A new reconfigurable clockgating technique for low power. Irradiation tests of the altera sram based fpga and fault tolerant design concepts. Fpga architectures overview in this short article we discuss modern fpga architectures sram based, flash based, antifuse based and their applications. Furthermore, the bitlines of the 12t sram design do not need to be precharged, so such a design does not need to be clocked. I had never knew flash based fpga fabrics really existed. Lattices are really sram based using a mixed sram flash process with backup storage in the onchip flash. While many aspects of fpga architecture have changed throughout this. Becker, amir moradi, christof paar, fellow, ieee abstractthis contribution is concerned with the question whether an adversary can automatically manipulate an unknown fpga bitstream realizing a cryptographic primitive such that the underlying secret key is. A new reconfigurable clockgating technique for low power srambased fpgas l.
This process generates placement and routing files based on fpga architecture, the netlist and epp file. Reliabilityaware placement in srambased fpga for voltage. As other nv fpgas, our structure does not need to be reprogrammed during each power on and can benefit instanton and normallyoff properties 6. Usually, the board will have an eeprom to hold the program bitstream and the fpga will load the bitstream automatically at reset. A simulation based architecture evaluation framework for fpgas xifan tang, member, ieee, edouard giacomin, student member, ieee. Single event upset mitigation techniques for sram based. First, an overview of sram based fpga architecture. Sram cell design for an sram based fpga, having an extremely reliable sram is critical. Jun 25, 2009 the point i was trying to make is that all flash based fpga s are not the same.
How does srambased fpga differ from antifusebased fpga. Soft error mitigation in switch modules of srambased fpgas. Zambolinevaluating the effects of seus affecting the configuration memory of an srambased fpga. Sram based fpga depends on the type of data structure to be protected. Srambased fpgas require an external nonvolatile memory to hold their configuration pattern, which upon powerup is transferred via serial link into. Any type of digital hardware circuit can be implemented in fpga architecture. Fpga based reprogrammable systems are revolutionizing some forms of. After placement and routing, the sfr computing process computes the system failure rate based on routing information and epp and sp files.
Introduction fpga field programmable gate array is an integrated circuit containing gate matrix which can be programmed by the user in the field without using expensive equipment. Fpga basics field programmable gate array long history prom, pal, cpld gate array, standard cells why fpgas rapid prototyping in field test modification rapidly changing technology standard low mid volume production high volume asic or assp. This fpga design uses 12 transistors to implement the sram cell, for robust readability and writability. As a result, rasp can produce highly optimized designs for various srambased fpga architectures, and can be quickly adapted for new srambased fpga architectures. Tmr has been successfully applied in fpgas to mitigate transient faults, which are likely to occur in space applications.
Access memory field programmable gate array srambased fpga have been the goal of a plethora of research. This paper discusses high level techniques for designing fault tolerant systems in srambased fpgas, without modification in the fpga architecture. A model of architecture for the lutram module with n inputs and 2n memory cells is proposed taking into account the lut and ram modes. Us20060193181a1 sram bus architecture and interconnect. Mar 07, 2015 sram means the chip programming is held in ram or flops or similar.
To assure the reliability of the auxiliary fpga, we use non sram based fpgas such as actel antifuse fpgas since they provide much lower susceptibility to soft errors compared to sram based fpgas. Also, rasp provides a flexible and complete development framework in which various architecture independent lut synthesis algorithms may be coupled with different architecturespecific. The most popular fpga architecture is the sram based architecture which is described below and is used in this work 4. The fpga design suite may not be malicious initially, but. Functionality and connectivity are implemented by clustered logic blocks clb and routing blocks. On sram based fpgas, which are the dominant type of fpga in use today, the bitstream is stored on an external nonvolatile memory and loaded into the fpga during powerup. A performancedriven general logic synthesis system. Fpga architecture all about fpga edge spartan6 fpga. In this work, we propose a nonvolatile memory nvm based. Selfadaptation for availability in cpufpga systems under. As stated in 1, the logic may be grouped into four different structure types.
In order to protect the bitstream against malicious actors,its con. A low complexity method for detecting configuration upset in. A simulationbased architecture evaluation framework for fpgas xifan tang, member, ieee, edouard giacomin, student member, ieee. Designing fault tolerant systems into sram based fpgas. It is called islandstyle architecture because in this architecture con.
On the optimal design of triple modular redundancy logic for. Memory basics and timing massachusetts institute of. The capacity of srambased fpga block ram bram is restrained by the low density and high leakage power of the current cmos technology. Architecture paul chow, member, ieee, soon ong seo, jonathan rose, member, ieee, kevin chung, gerard p. Srambased fpga reconfiguration, the main objective of the proposed. Dspmultiplier fast arithmetic logic microprocessors communication logic 2. In module 3 you will learn the pros and cons of flash based, sram based, and antifuse based fpgas. The design of lowpower sram cell becomes a necessity in todays fpgas, because sram is a critical component in fpga design and consumes a large fraction of the total power. A survey on design standards and proposed methodologies. Lemieux department of electrical and computer engineering university of british columbia vancouver, b. Reliabilityaware placement in sram based fpga for voltage. Soft errors in partially and dynamically reconfigurable sram.
A low complexity method for detecting configuration upset in sram based fpgas r. Plan fpga architecture basics of fpga fpga technologies architectures of different commercial fpgas fpga tools fpga implementation flow and software involved hdl coding for fpga. You will learn what an fpga is and how this technology was developed, how to select the best fpga architecture for a given application, how to use state of the art software tools for fpga development, and solve critical digital design problems using fpgas. Triple modular redundancy tmr has been successfully applied in fpgas to mitigate transient faults, which are likely to occur in space applications. Configuration bitstream reduction for srambased fpgas by. How can sram based fpga implement the combination logic. It seems to me that the sram object file is what is loaded onto the fpga for programming. So the jist is that due to the nonvolatile nature of flash, when power is taken away from the fpga, the configuration is still present and is far faster to reconfigure when power is reapplied vs. Fpga architecture, technologies, and tools neeraj goel. In order to configure the data, external eeprom is attached to fpga. A survey of modern fpga architectures will give you the tools to determine which type of fpga is the best fit for a design. The most probable effect, when we consider srambased fpga at sealevel, is the singleevent upset seu, i.
An analytical state dependent leakage power model for fpgas. It is an sram based fpga that supports a range of 50k to 1m configurable gates and is fabricated on. Besides a significant increase in density, the virtex also offers several architectural and. Pdf fpga implementation of srambased ternary content. However, if youre interested in fpgas under the hood, then have a look at the virtex6 fpga configurable logic block user guide or the virtex5 fpga user guide. In this paper, we analyze four different design architectures implemented in a 28 nm srambased fpga under fault injection to analyze the probability of errors of them. In meshbased fpga architecture, lbs are placed in a 2d grid and surrounded by routing channels as illustrated in figure 2. Its easy to see that fpgas can be summed up as islands of configurab. Since the fpga architecture presents a fixed island style geometric structure of the clock trees, the idea is to incorporate, at the design level, the gating capabilities by inserting a feedback multiplexer in front of the input of the. Each macrocell can normal or 4 product terms together. To further reliability assurance of the crc checker circuit, it is implemented in the auxiliary fpga using the tmr technique. Or are those different names for the very same thing. So, the purpose of this work is to show the power management techniques that are applied to a custom designed node architecture with an sram fpga, so that the main drawback of excessive energy consumption is minimized.
Each lab share an additional 16 shared product terms in order to cope with more complex boolean equations. Despite this, however, most fpgas still use sram for reasons of simplicity when you need to reprogram it, its easier to reencode a small rom chip than to reprogram a large fpga chip, so count on having to use a separate boot rom for the fpga. The design of an srambased fieldprogrammable gate array part i. The design of an srambased fieldprogrammable gate array. Faults in the configuration memory of a sram based fpga directly modify the definition of its function, dangerously impacting its ability to operate properly. Conceptual%diagram%of%islandjstyle% architecture logic block io cells interconnection resources xilinx%4000%series%architecture clb clb clb clb switch. Fpgabased reprogrammable systems are revolutionizing some forms of. Bitstreams are stored in srambased memory cells within. On the design of tunable fault tolerant circuits on sram.
This paper addresses the problem of testing the ram mode of the lutram modules of configurable sram based field programmable gate arrays fpgas using a minimum number of test configurations. A new placement algorithm for the mitigation of multiple cell. Violanteanalysis of the robustness of the tmr architecture in srambased fpgas. Ideal fpga for space applications an ideal fpga for space applications is the qualified manufacturing line qml class v with radiation hardness assurance rha level identified as part of the smd part number. However, tmr comes with high area and power dissipation penalties. Xilinxs 3an series are multidie solutions with a standard sram based part and a spi flash packaged together. Characterizing a riscv srambased fpga implementation. A ultralowpower fpga based on monolithically integrated. This paper presents a novel memory architecture called hybrid partitioned static random access memorybased ternary content addressable memory hp srambased tcam, which emulates tcam. Circuit design, architecture and cad for rrambased fpgas. This is the most commonly used architecture among academic and commercial fpgas. Virtex fpga the virtex fpga is a relatively new product from xilinx inc. What is the difference between bitstream and sram object file.
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